igneous
Kimberlite
Ultramafic igneous rock
Hardness: Varies (generally 6-7 for the rock mass, but highly variable due to xenoliths), Color: Dark greenish-gray to brownish, Luster: Dull, Crystal structure: Porphyritic texture with large phenocrysts, Specific gravity: ~2.7-2.9
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Physical properties
Hardness: Varies (generally 6-7 for the rock mass, but highly variable due to xenoliths), Color: Dark greenish-gray to brownish, Luster: Dull, Crystal structure: Porphyritic texture with large phenocrysts, Specific gravity: ~2.7-2.9
Formation & geological history
Formed deep within the Earth's mantle (150-450 km depth) through deep-seated volcanic eruptions, rapidly ascending through vertical pipes.
Uses & applications
Primary source rock for natural diamonds; also studied for mantle xenoliths to understand Earth's interior.
Geological facts
Kimberlite pipes are the primary economic source of mined diamonds. They are relatively rare and usually found in the oldest parts of continental crust (cratons).
Field identification & locations
Identified by its distinctive fragmental, breccia-like appearance, containing mantle-derived minerals like olivine, pyrope garnet, and phlogopite.
