metamorphic
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli (Complex metamorphic rock primarily composed of Lazurite (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(SO4,S,Cl,OH)2, Calcite, and Pyrite)
Hardness: 5 to 5.5 on Mohs scale; Color: Deep blue with white (calcite) and gold (pyrite) inclusions; Luster: Vitreous to greasy; Crystal structure: Isometric (Lazurite); Specific Gravity: 2.7 to 2.9
- Hardness
- 5 to 5
- Color
- Deep blue with white (calcite) and gold (pyrite) inclusions
- Luster
- Vitreous to greasy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 5 to 5.5 on Mohs scale; Color: Deep blue with white (calcite) and gold (pyrite) inclusions; Luster: Vitreous to greasy; Crystal structure: Isometric (Lazurite); Specific Gravity: 2.7 to 2.9
Formation & geological history
Formed through contact metamorphism, where heat from igneous intrusions alters limestone or marble. Major deposits date back several hundred million years, primarily in the Hindu Kush mountains.
Uses & applications
Used widely in jewelry (cabochons, beads), decorative carvings, and historically as a pigment (ultramarine) for Renaissance paintings.
Geological facts
Lapis lazuli has been mined in the Sar-e-Sang mines of Afghanistan for over 6,000 years, making it one of the oldest mined gemstones. It was highly prized by Ancient Egyptians for amulets and funeral masks, including King Tutankhamun's mask.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its characteristic intense royal blue color and the presence of metallic gold flecks of pyrite. Commonly found in Afghanistan, Chile, Russia, and Canada. Collectors look for a uniform deep blue with minimal white calcite veining.
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