sedimentary
Limestone with Iron Oxide Staining
Sedimentary Rock (Calcite, CaCO3)
Hardness on Mohs scale ranges from 3 for the calcite matrix to 6-7 for any chert/quartz inclusions; color is typically yellowish-brown to reddish-brown due to iron staining; luster is earthy to dull; crystal structure is microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline; specific gravity is approximately 2.5 to 2.7.
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Physical properties
Hardness on Mohs scale ranges from 3 for the calcite matrix to 6-7 for any chert/quartz inclusions; color is typically yellowish-brown to reddish-brown due to iron staining; luster is earthy to dull; crystal structure is microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline; specific gravity is approximately 2.5 to 2.7.
Formation & geological history
Formed through the accumulation and compaction of organic and inorganic marine sediments, chemical precipitation, and subsequent weathering where groundwater rich in iron oxides percolated through fractures, staining the rock brown.
Uses & applications
Used primarily in construction, aggregate, production of lime and cement, and as a raw material in various industrial applications.
Geological facts
Iron oxide staining in sedimentary rocks like limestone is extremely common and is frequently referred to as limonite or goethite staining, giving the rock its characteristic rusty appearance.
Field identification & locations
Can be identified in the field by its reaction to dilute hydrochloric acid (fizzing due to calcium carbonate) and its characteristic brownish, weathered crust; commonly found in sedimentary basins and quarries worldwide.
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