mineral
Limonite (Iron Ore / Ochre)
Hydrated iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH)·nH2O)
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectMohs hardness 4.0-5.5, dull to earthy luster, vibrant yellowish-brown to rust-orange color, amorphous structure, specific gravity around 2.7-4.3
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Physical properties
Mohs hardness 4.0-5.5, dull to earthy luster, vibrant yellowish-brown to rust-orange color, amorphous structure, specific gravity around 2.7-4.3
Formation & geological history
Formed as a secondary mineral through the weathering and oxidation of iron-rich primary minerals such as pyrite, magnetite, and hematite in near-surface geological environments.
Uses & applications
Historically used as an important iron ore and as a natural earth pigment (yellow/brown ochre) for paints, cosmetics, and dyes.
Geological facts
Limonite is technically not a true single mineral but a mixture of hydrated iron oxide minerals, predominantly goethite with varying amounts of lepidocrocite, jarosite, and clay.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its characteristic yellowish-brown streak, earthy rust-like appearance, and light weight relative to hematite. Commonly found in oxidized zones of mineral deposits globally.
