mineral
Limonite (with Goethite/Hematite glaze)
Hydrated Iron(III) Oxide-Hydroxide (FeO(OH)·nH2O)
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectHardness: 4-5.5 (variable), Color: Yellow-brown to dark chocolate brown, Luster: Dull to sub-metallic or resinous, Structure: Amorphous or microcrystalline, Cleavage: None
- Hardness
- 4-5
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Physical properties
Hardness: 4-5.5 (variable), Color: Yellow-brown to dark chocolate brown, Luster: Dull to sub-metallic or resinous, Structure: Amorphous or microcrystalline, Cleavage: None
Formation & geological history
Formed as secondary mineral via oxidation/weathering of iron-rich minerals in sedimentary or hydrothermal environments. Often develops a hardened desert varnish or iron-rich glaze.
Uses & applications
Historically used as an iron ore; currently used as a natural earth pigment (yellow ochre) and occasionally in mineral collections.
Geological facts
Limonite is not a true mineral but a mixture of various hydrated iron oxides. It has been used as a pigment for cave paintings since prehistoric times.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its yellow-brown streak, earthy smell when moist, and lack of magnetism compared to magnetite. Found globally in bog iron deposits and weathered rock outcrops.
