mineral

Limonite (Yellow Ochre)

Hydrated Iron Oxide (FeO(OH)·nH2O)

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Hardness: 4.0 - 5.5 on Mohs scale, Color: Yellowish-brown to bright mustard yellow, Luster: Dull to earthy, Cleavage: None, Specific Gravity: 2.7 - 4.3

Hardness: 4
Luster: Dull to earthy, Cleavage: None, Specific Gravity: 2

Identified July 25, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 4.0 - 5.5 on Mohs scale, Color: Yellowish-brown to bright mustard yellow, Luster: Dull to earthy, Cleavage: None, Specific Gravity: 2.7 - 4.3

Formation & geological history

Forms from the chemical weathering and oxidation of iron-rich primary minerals like pyrite, marcasite, magnetite, and siderite in tropical or warm oxidation zones.

Uses & applications

Used historically as a natural earth pigment (yellow ochre) in paints, dyes, and ceramics; minor iron ore.

Geological facts

Limonite is not a true single mineral, but a mixture of related hydrated iron oxide minerals, predominantly goethite along with lepidocrocite, jarosite, and amorphous iron hydroxides.

Field identification & locations

Identified by its distinctive yellowish-brown streak, rusty mustard-yellow color, and powdery or earthy texture. Highly abundant worldwide in weathered iron deposits.