mineral
Limonite (Yellow Ochre)
Hydrated Iron Oxide (FeO(OH)·nH2O)
Hardness: 4.0 - 5.5 on Mohs scale, Color: Yellowish-brown to bright mustard yellow, Luster: Dull to earthy, Cleavage: None, Specific Gravity: 2.7 - 4.3
- Hardness
- 4
- Luster
- Dull to earthy, Cleavage: None, Specific Gravity: 2
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Physical properties
Hardness: 4.0 - 5.5 on Mohs scale, Color: Yellowish-brown to bright mustard yellow, Luster: Dull to earthy, Cleavage: None, Specific Gravity: 2.7 - 4.3
Formation & geological history
Forms from the chemical weathering and oxidation of iron-rich primary minerals like pyrite, marcasite, magnetite, and siderite in tropical or warm oxidation zones.
Uses & applications
Used historically as a natural earth pigment (yellow ochre) in paints, dyes, and ceramics; minor iron ore.
Geological facts
Limonite is not a true single mineral, but a mixture of related hydrated iron oxide minerals, predominantly goethite along with lepidocrocite, jarosite, and amorphous iron hydroxides.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its distinctive yellowish-brown streak, rusty mustard-yellow color, and powdery or earthy texture. Highly abundant worldwide in weathered iron deposits.
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