mineral

Malachite

Copper Carbonate Hydroxide, Cu2CO3(OH)2

Hardness: 3.5-4 on the Mohs scale. Color: Bright green, dark green, often with banded patterns. Luster: Vitreous to dull, silky when fibrous. Crystal structure: Monoclinic. Cleavage: Perfect in one direction, but rarely seen. Specific gravity: 3.6-4.0.

Hardness: 3
Color: Bright green, dark green, often with banded patterns
Luster: Vitreous to dull, silky when fibrous

Identified July 29, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Forms as a secondary mineral in the oxidation zone of copper ore deposits, typically in limestone or other carbonate rocks where circulating groundwaters interact with copper minerals.

Uses & applications

Used widely as an ornamental stone, for carvings, beads, and cabochons in jewelry, and historically as a mineral pigment in green paint.

Geological facts

Malachite has been mined for over 4,000 years, notably in the Great Orme in Wales and the Sinai Peninsula. Its distinctive green banding makes it instantly recognizable and highly prized by collectors.

Field identification & locations

Easily identified by its characteristic green color and effervescence (fizzing) when exposed to hydrochloric acid due to its carbonate content. Commonly found in major copper-producing regions such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, Russia, Australia, and the southwestern United States.