mineral

Native copper

Copper (Cu), commonly with cuprite and malachite alteration

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Irregular, botryoidal metallic specimen with copper-red to reddish-brown color and locally dark green/black oxidation. Mohs hardness 2.5–3, metallic to dull luster, cubic crystal system, no cleavage, and specific gravity about 8.9; its high density and reddish metallic streak are diagnostic.

Identified September 6, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Forms when copper-rich hydrothermal fluids deposit native copper in fractures and cavities, often later oxidized to cuprite or malachite. Specimens commonly occur in basaltic volcanic rocks and ancient hydrothermal ore systems, ranging from Precambrian to recent in age.

Uses & applications

Important copper ore for electrical wiring, plumbing, alloys, and industrial equipment; attractive pieces are collected but are rarely used as gemstones.

Geological facts

Native copper is unusually malleable and can be bent or cut more easily than most metallic minerals. Notable sources include Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula, Arizona, Chile, and parts of Australia.

Field identification & locations

Identify it by its copper-red metallic appearance, exceptional heft, softness, and green/black oxidation crust; distinguish it from red-brown iron oxides, which are lighter and harder. Common associated minerals include quartz, calcite, cuprite, and malachite.