gemstone

Polished carnelian

Carnelian, a red-orange variety of chalcedony (microcrystalline quartz, SiO₂)

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Mohs hardness 6.5–7; translucent to opaque orange-red, vitreous to waxy luster, cryptocrystalline structure, and no visible cleavage. The rounded, glossy surface indicates a tumbled or polished specimen.

Identified August 8, 2026More gemstone →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Forms when silica-rich groundwater deposits chalcedony in cavities and fractures, with iron oxides producing the orange-red color; commonly Cenozoic to older volcanic or sedimentary settings.

Uses & applications

Used for beads, cabochons, carvings, ornamental objects, and inexpensive jewelry; historically used for seals and amulets.

Geological facts

Carnelian’s color ranges from pale orange to deep reddish brown; heating can intensify or alter the iron-related coloration.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its uniform waxy translucence, orange-red color, hardness, and lack of cleavage; glass may imitate it but often shows bubbles or a more brilliant luster. Common sources include India, Brazil, Uruguay, Madagascar, and Germany.