gemstone

Polished carnelian

Carnelian, a translucent orange-red variety of chalcedony (microcrystalline quartz, SiO₂)

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Mohs hardness 6.5–7; orange to reddish-brown, vitreous/waxy luster, cryptocrystalline structure, no visible cleavage, specific gravity about 2.6. The smooth rounded surface indicates tumbling or polishing.

Identified September 15, 2026More gemstone →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Forms when iron impurities color silica-rich chalcedony, commonly filling cavities and fractures in volcanic rocks; deposits range from relatively young to Precambrian. Major sources include India, Brazil, Uruguay, Madagascar, and Germany.

Uses & applications

Used for beads, cabochons, carvings, seals, and inexpensive jewelry; also popular as a lapidary and collector material.

Geological facts

Carnelian is historically important in signet rings and amulets, including ancient Egyptian and Roman jewelry. Heating can intensify its red-orange color.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its uniform orange-red body color, translucency, smooth waxy-to-glassy polish, and lack of cleavage; it should not scratch easily with a steel knife. Exact variety could also be orange agate or dyed chalcedony without testing.