mineral
Polished turquoise cabochon pendant
Turquoise, hydrated copper-aluminum phosphate: CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O; likely stabilized or matrix-bearing material
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectHardness 5–6 Mohs; turquoise-blue to green with brown/black limonite or host-rock matrix; waxy to dull luster; cryptocrystalline, opaque, and non-cleavable. The teardrop cabochon is polished and mounted as jewelry.
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Physical properties
Hardness 5–6 Mohs; turquoise-blue to green with brown/black limonite or host-rock matrix; waxy to dull luster; cryptocrystalline, opaque, and non-cleavable. The teardrop cabochon is polished and mounted as jewelry.
Formation & geological history
Turquoise forms by near-surface weathering and hydrothermal alteration of aluminum-rich rocks in arid climates, commonly over copper deposits. Deposits are generally geologically young, often Cenozoic, though turquoise can form at various ages.
Uses & applications
Used primarily in jewelry, carving, inlay, and ornamentation; historically valued as a gemstone. Polishing, stabilization, dyeing, or resin impregnation commonly improves durability and color.
Geological facts
Green coloration reflects iron substitution, while blue indicates more copper. Matrix patterns and vivid blue-green color are diagnostic but can be imitated by dyed howlite, magnesite, or synthetic materials.
Field identification & locations
Common sources include Iran, Arizona and Nevada, China, Mexico, Chile, and Egypt. Field identification relies on opaque blue-green color, waxy surface, moderate softness, and copper-related occurrence; avoid destructive tests on jewelry.
