mineral

Raw turquoise

Turquoise — hydrated copper aluminum phosphate, CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Opaque blue-green to green, commonly with brown/black limonite or matrix veining; waxy to dull luster and cryptocrystalline structure. Mohs hardness 5–6, no prominent cleavage, specific gravity about 2.6–2.9.

Identified August 20, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Forms as a secondary mineral in arid, oxidized zones of copper deposits when phosphate-bearing groundwater alters aluminum-rich rock. Most deposits are Cenozoic to younger, though turquoise can form over varied geological ages.

Uses & applications

Used as a cabochon, bead, inlay, and ornamental stone; lower-grade material is used for carvings and collector specimens. Stabilized or reconstructed turquoise is common commercially.

Geological facts

The vivid blue color reflects copper, while iron commonly shifts it toward green. Natural turquoise is porous and may darken or absorb oils, so avoid harsh chemicals and prolonged soaking.

Field identification & locations

Common localities include Iran, Arizona and Nevada, China, Mexico, Chile, and Egypt. Distinguish it from dyed howlite or plastic by its natural matrix, moderate hardness, and non-vitreous appearance; laboratory testing is needed for certainty.