sedimentary
Sandstone (Limonitic/Iron-stained)
Sandstone (containing Quartz, SiO2, and Limonite, FeO(OH)·nH2O)
Hardness: 6-7 (quartz grains); Color: yellowish-brown to orange-brown due to iron oxide staining; Luster: earthy to dull; Texture: medium-grained, granular feel similar to sandpaper; Cleavage: none.
- Hardness
- 6-7 (quartz grains)
- Color
- yellowish-brown to orange-brown due to iron oxide staining
- Luster
- earthy to dull
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6-7 (quartz grains); Color: yellowish-brown to orange-brown due to iron oxide staining; Luster: earthy to dull; Texture: medium-grained, granular feel similar to sandpaper; Cleavage: none.
Formation & geological history
Formed by the accumulation, compaction, and cementation of sand-sized mineral grains (mostly quartz) in ancient riverbeds, lakes, deserts, or coastal environments. Iron oxide (limonite or hematite) acts as a secondary staining agent or secondary cement.
Uses & applications
Commonly used as a building material, paving stone, decorative landscaping rock, and as an aquifer matrix in geology.
Geological facts
Iron oxides like limonite give sandstone a wide variety of tan, yellow, red, and brown hues. Sandstone comprises about 20 to 25 percent of all sedimentary rocks on Earth.
Field identification & locations
Identified in the field by its distinctive grainy, sand-like texture and rough surface. It leaves sand grains when rubbed vigorously. Found worldwide in sedimentary basins, canyon walls, and exposed bedrock outcrops.
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