sedimentary
Sandstone (with iron staining)
Quartz Arenite / Ferruginous Sandstone
Mohs hardness 6 to 7 (varies with grain cementation); color ranges from rusty orange, brown, red, to yellowish brown due to iron oxide staining; dull to earthy luster; clastic texture made of fine-to-medium sand grains (mostly quartz).
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Physical properties
Mohs hardness 6 to 7 (varies with grain cementation); color ranges from rusty orange, brown, red, to yellowish brown due to iron oxide staining; dull to earthy luster; clastic texture made of fine-to-medium sand grains (mostly quartz).
Formation & geological history
Formed by the compaction and cementation of sand-sized mineral particles or rock fragments, typically in desert, river, or coastal environments. Iron-rich groundwater precipitates iron oxides (like hematite or goethite), giving it a weathered, rusty coating.
Uses & applications
Widely used as a construction material, building stone, flagstone, paving stone, and decorative landscaping rock.
Geological facts
The distinctive red and orange tones in many famous formations (such as the red rocks of Sedona or Antelope Canyon) are caused by tiny amounts of iron oxide coating the quartz grains.
Field identification & locations
Identified in the field by its gritty, sandpaper-like feel, visible sand grains, and characteristic layered or weathered rusty crust. Commonly found in sedimentary basins worldwide.
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