mineral
Tumbled carnelian (likely)
Orange-red chalcedony, microcrystalline quartz (SiO₂)
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectHardness 6.5–7 Mohs; translucent orange-brown color, waxy to vitreous luster, cryptocrystalline structure, and no visible cleavage. The smooth surface indicates tumbling or polishing; darker spots may be iron-oxide inclusions.
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Physical properties
Hardness 6.5–7 Mohs; translucent orange-brown color, waxy to vitreous luster, cryptocrystalline structure, and no visible cleavage. The smooth surface indicates tumbling or polishing; darker spots may be iron-oxide inclusions.
Formation & geological history
Forms when silica-rich groundwater fills cavities and fractures, with iron producing the orange-red color; it is commonly associated with volcanic rocks and deposits ranging from ancient to recent. Exact locality and age cannot be determined from the image.
Uses & applications
Used for beads, cabochons, carvings, seals, and ornamental objects; attractive pieces have modest collector value.
Geological facts
Carnelian is a variety of chalcedony and grades into sard, which is typically darker brown-red. Color may be enhanced by heating or dyeing.
Field identification & locations
Identify it by its uniform waxy translucence, absence of cleavage, and glass-scratching hardness; a steel file should not easily scratch genuine chalcedony. Common sources include India, Brazil, Uruguay, Madagascar, and Germany.
