gemstone
Tumbled carnelian
Iron-oxide-colored chalcedony, microcrystalline SiO₂
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectMohs hardness 6.5–7; orange to reddish-brown, translucent at thin edges, with a waxy to vitreous polish. Quartz-group microcrystalline structure; no visible cleavage and conchoidal fracture.
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Physical properties
Mohs hardness 6.5–7; orange to reddish-brown, translucent at thin edges, with a waxy to vitreous polish. Quartz-group microcrystalline structure; no visible cleavage and conchoidal fracture.
Formation & geological history
Forms as silica-rich chalcedony in cavities and fractures, with iron oxides producing its color. Such deposits occur in many ages and settings, including volcanic rocks and sedimentary formations.
Uses & applications
Used for beads, cabochons, small carvings, and decorative objects; historically valued for seals and jewelry.
Geological facts
Carnelian is a variety of chalcedony; its warm color comes chiefly from dispersed iron compounds.
Field identification & locations
Look for orange-red, often subtly banded chalcedony that is translucent in strong light and harder than glass. Common sources include India, Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar; tumbling makes natural banding and inclusions less obvious.
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