gemstone
Tumbled carnelian
Carnelian, an orange variety of chalcedony (microcrystalline quartz, SiO₂)
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectTypically Mohs 6.5–7; orange to reddish-orange with a waxy to vitreous luster and no visible crystals. Quartz’s trigonal structure is microscopic; fracture is typically conchoidal, with no cleavage.
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Physical properties
Typically Mohs 6.5–7; orange to reddish-orange with a waxy to vitreous luster and no visible crystals. Quartz’s trigonal structure is microscopic; fracture is typically conchoidal, with no cleavage.
Formation & geological history
Forms when silica-rich fluids deposit chalcedony in rock cavities and fractures; iron oxides create its orange color. It occurs in many geological ages, commonly in volcanic and sedimentary settings.
Uses & applications
Used for beads, cabochons, carvings, and ornamental objects; historically valued for seals and jewelry.
Geological facts
Carnelian is a variety of chalcedony, not a separate mineral species. Heat treatment can deepen or alter its color.
Field identification & locations
Look for translucent orange chalcedony, often with subtle color bands; common sources include India, Brazil, and Uruguay. The pictured specimen appears tumbled and polished.
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