mineral
Yellow-orange quartz (likely citrine or iron-stained quartz)
Quartz, silicon dioxide (SiO₂), colored by iron impurities or irradiation
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectHardness 7 Mohs; translucent to transparent, yellow-orange color, vitreous luster, no cleavage, conchoidal fracture, hexagonal crystal structure, specific gravity about 2.65. The rounded pieces appear tumbled or naturally water-worn, with some surface coating or iron staining.
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Physical properties
Hardness 7 Mohs; translucent to transparent, yellow-orange color, vitreous luster, no cleavage, conchoidal fracture, hexagonal crystal structure, specific gravity about 2.65. The rounded pieces appear tumbled or naturally water-worn, with some surface coating or iron staining.
Formation & geological history
Quartz crystallizes from silica-rich hydrothermal fluids and igneous pegmatites; yellow coloration commonly develops from iron-bearing inclusions or heat treatment of amethyst. Quartz formed throughout geologic time, commonly in veins, cavities, and alluvial deposits.
Uses & applications
Used as gemstone material, ornamental stone, crystal specimens, abrasives, and industrial silica. Attractive transparent pieces may be cut or polished, though these appear mostly low-grade rough or tumbled material.
Geological facts
Natural citrine is relatively uncommon; much commercial “citrine” is heat-treated amethyst. Color zoning, internal fractures, and inclusions can help distinguish quartz from yellow calcite or glass.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its glassy luster, lack of cleavage, conchoidal fracture, and ability to scratch ordinary glass; calcite is softer and cleaves readily. Common sources include Brazil, Madagascar, Uruguay, and the United States.
