Mineral (Specifically A Mineraloid)

Sapphire (likely blue synthetic sapphire or blue glass in a ring)

Corundum (Al₂O₃), specifically the blue variety due to trace amounts of iron and titanium impurities. If synthetic, it would still be Al₂O₃.

Chalcedony

Chalcedony (SiO₂)

Iron Ore / Ironstone Concretion

Mixture of iron oxide/hydroxide minerals, likely some combination of Hematite (Fe2O3), Goethite (α-FeOOH), and Limonite (a general term for hydrated iron oxides of variable composition) or potentially Bauxite (a mixture of aluminum hydroxides, often with iron oxides, (Al(OH)3) and FeO(OH)). The visual characteristics strongly suggest iron-rich material.

Red Tiger's Eye beads

Tiger's Eye (variety of Chalcedony, SiO2)

Brown Jasper

Jasper (a cryptocrystalline variety of Quartz, SiO2)

Druzy Quartz Geode (likely Smokey Quartz variety)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) - specifically a geode formation lined with druzy quartz crystals, with a likely brownish hue indicating smokey quartz.

Red Coral

Corallium rubrum (for precious red coral), although other species like Corallium japonicum and Paracorallium are also used.

Chert (Jasper or Flint variant)

Chert (composed of microcrystalline quartz, SiO2)

Onyx Marble (also commonly called Onyx)

Calcite (CaCO3), often with other mineral impurities

Banded Agate (likely Carnelian Agate or Sardonyx)

Agate is a common name for a microcrystalline variety of Quartz (SiO₂), specifically a form of Chalcedony.

Concretion or Geode (unbroken)

Varied (depending on mineral composition and cementing agent). For quartz-lined geodes, the scientific name of the dominant mineral would be Quartz (SiO2). For calcite-lined geodes, Calcite (CaCO3). Concretions are often composed of cryptocrystalline quartz (chert), calcite, or iron oxides.

Ruby in Zoisite

Ruby (Corundum, Al2O3) in Zoisite (Calcium aluminum silicate hydroxide, Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH)) with some Hornblende

Moss Agate

Moss Agate (a variety of Chalcedony, SiO ₂)

River Cobble (likely Sandstone or Siltstone type)

Sandstone or Siltstone (common rock types that form river cobbles)

Weathered Volcanic Rock (possibly Rhyolite or Andesite Pebble)

Volcanic rock (e.g., Rhyolite or Andesite, specific identification would require thin section analysis or chemical assay). Mineral composition: Primarily feldspars (orthoclase and/or plagioclase), quartz (in rhyolite), micas, amphiboles, and sometimes pyroxenes.

Agate (various color varieties)

SiO₂ (Silicon Dioxide)

Garnet (Red Garnet)

Garnet Group. The red varieties seen in jewelry are typically Almandine (Fe3Al2(SiO4)3), Pyrope (Mg3Al2(SiO4)3), or a mix of the two (pyrope-almandine series).

Carnelian

Carnelian (a variety of Chalcedony, SiO ₂)

Banded Jasper (possibly "Picture Jasper")

Jasper (a microcrystalline variety of Quartz / Silicon Dioxide - SiO2)

Pebble (likely a type of sandstone or quartzite pebble)

Clastic Sediment (specifically, a rudite-sized clast). If the pebble is composed of a specific rock type, its scientific name would be that rock type (e.g., 'Quartzite pebble', 'Granite pebble', 'Chert pebble'). Given its appearance, it is likely a metamorphic quartzite pebble or a hard sandstone pebble.

Ocean Jasper

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Pink Granite

Phaneritic Felsic Igneous Rock

Crushed Stone (Gravel/Aggregates)

Crushed rock aggregate (varied composition including Granite, Limestone, and Quartz)

Sandstone

Clastic sedimentary rock (primarily SiO2)

Banded River Rock / Gneiss (highly weathered)

Gneiss

Osumilite in Granite Matrix

(K,Na)(Fe,Mg)2(Al,Fe)3(Si,Al)12O30

Pegmatite (likely Granitic Pegmatite)

Pegmatite (a coarse-grained igneous rock, often with granitic composition)

Gneiss

Gneiss (a type of metamorphic rock)

Greisen

Greisen

Limonite (Ironstone Concretion)

Limonite (Hydrous Ferric Oxides mixed with Goethite)

Jewelry (Ring)

Snowflake Obsidian

Volcanic Glass with Cristobalite inclusions

Fulgurite

Fulgurite (Lechatelierite)

Banded Gneiss

Gneiss (pronounced 'nice')

Quartz (Iron-stained)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Fulgurite

Fulgurite (Lechatelierite-rich fused silica)

Anthracite Coal

Anthracite (Carbon-rich mineraloid)

Opalite

Man-made synthetic glass with opalescent effects (SiO2 + metal oxides)

Pearl

Aragonite / Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Ambergris

Ambergris (Coprolite-adjacent/Organic secretion)

Libyan Desert Glass

Natural Silica Glass (SiO2 with minor iron and titanium)

Tektite (Indochinite)

Tektite - High-silica amorphous glass (SiO2 + Al2O3)