Rock Identifier
Blue sapphire (Corundum, aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), colored blue mainly by iron and titanium) — gemstone
gemstone

Blue sapphire

Corundum, aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), colored blue mainly by iron and titanium

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Mohs hardness 9; typically vivid to pale blue, vitreous luster, trigonal crystal structure, and no distinct cleavage. This appears to be a faceted, likely heat-treated gemstone; exact identity requires gemological testing.

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Physical properties

Mohs hardness 9; typically vivid to pale blue, vitreous luster, trigonal crystal structure, and no distinct cleavage. This appears to be a faceted, likely heat-treated gemstone; exact identity requires gemological testing.

Formation & geological history

Forms in aluminum-rich metamorphic rocks such as marble and schist, or in basalt-related deposits; most gem-quality material is Cenozoic to older. Common sources include Sri Lanka, Kashmir, Myanmar, Madagascar, and Australia.

Uses & applications

Used primarily in jewelry and as a durable ornamental gemstone; synthetic corundum is also used for abrasives, watches, bearings, and optical components.

Geological facts

Blue sapphire is the traditional September birthstone and a variety of corundum; red corundum is ruby. Large, vivid, untreated stones with strong color and excellent clarity can be exceptionally valuable.

Field identification & locations

Identify by exceptional hardness, high refractive brilliance, and possible inclusions such as rutile “silk”; verify with refractive index, specific gravity, spectroscopy, and heat-treatment analysis. Natural sapphire commonly occurs in alluvial gravels and metamorphic terrains.