gemstone

Carnelian (orange chalcedony)

Microcrystalline quartz, SiO₂; chalcedony variety colored mainly by iron oxides

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Typically translucent orange to red-brown with waxy to vitreous luster, conchoidal fracture, and no cleavage; Mohs hardness 6.5–7, trigonal crystal structure at the microscopic level. The pictured piece appears polished or freshly fractured and may be dyed glass or resin if unusually uniform.

Identified September 17, 2026More gemstone →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Forms when silica-rich groundwater fills cavities and fractures, with iron producing the orange-red color; deposits occur chiefly in volcanic rocks, commonly Cenozoic to older. Heat treatment can intensify its color.

Uses & applications

Used for beads, cabochons, carvings, seals, and decorative objects; attractive quality has modest jewelry value.

Geological facts

Carnelian is a translucent chalcedony variety, historically used for engraved signet rings and amulets. Its color ranges from pale orange to deep blood-red.

Field identification & locations

Identify by waxy translucence, conchoidal fracture, and hardness sufficient to scratch ordinary glass; glass often shows bubbles and remains softer. Common sources include India, Brazil, Uruguay, Madagascar, and Germany.