gemstone
Carnelian (Tumbled Chalcedony)
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
Mohs hardness 6.5-7; rich translucent orange to reddish-orange color; resinous to vitreous luster; microcrystalline/trigonal structure; no cleavage; specific gravity 2.58-2.64.
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Physical properties
Mohs hardness 6.5-7; rich translucent orange to reddish-orange color; resinous to vitreous luster; microcrystalline/trigonal structure; no cleavage; specific gravity 2.58-2.64.
Formation & geological history
Formed as a secondary mineral in volcanic rocks and sedimentary environments through the deposition of silica from low-temperature solutions carrying iron impurities, which give it its warm reddish-orange hue.
Uses & applications
Widely used in lapidary, bead making, cabochon cutting for jewelry, carvings, seals, and as tumbled decorative stones or healing crystals.
Geological facts
Carnelian has been used as a gemstone for over 4,500 years. Ancient Romans used carnelian signet rings to seal wax documents, as hot wax does not stick to it.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its warm translucent orange color, hardness that scratches glass, and smooth waxy luster. Common locations include Brazil, India, Madagascar, Uruguay, and parts of the USA.
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