mineral

Carnelian

Silicon Dioxide (Quartz variety, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. Color: Orange, reddish-orange, brownish-orange, or red. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline quartz/chalcedony). Cleavage: None, exhibits conchoidal fracture. Specific gravity: 2.58 to 2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange, reddish-orange, brownish-orange, or red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified August 3, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed in low-temperature environments, typically as groundwater deposits in cavities of volcanic rocks or sedimentary deposits where silica-rich solutions precipitate. Geological age varies widely depending on the host rock, often from Mesozoic or Cenozoic volcanic activity.

Uses & applications

Used extensively in jewelry for rings, necklaces, beads, and cabochons. Historically popular for carved seals, signet rings, and talismans due to wax not sticking to its surface.

Geological facts

Carnelian was highly prized in ancient civilizations including Ancient Egypt, where it was associated with the goddess Isis and used in amulets to ensure safe passage to the afterlife. King Tutankhamun's burial mask and jewelry feature prominent carnelian inlays.

Field identification & locations

Easily identified by its translucent orange-to-red color and waxy luster with conchoidal fracture. Commonly found worldwide, notably in India, Brazil, Uruguay, Madagascar, and the United States.