gemstone
Carnelian
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
Hardness 6.5-7 on Mohs scale, waxy to vitreous luster, translucent to semi-opaque brownish-orange to reddish-orange color, trigonal crystal system, conchoidal fracture.
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Physical properties
Hardness 6.5-7 on Mohs scale, waxy to vitreous luster, translucent to semi-opaque brownish-orange to reddish-orange color, trigonal crystal system, conchoidal fracture.
Formation & geological history
Formed by the precipitation of silica from low-temperature aqueous solutions in cavities of volcanic rocks or sedimentary strata, acquiring its orange hue from iron oxide (hematite) impurities.
Uses & applications
Popularly used in jewelry, lapidary art, carvings, beads, and metaphysical collection.
Geological facts
Carnelian was used extensively in ancient times for signet rings and cylinder seals because hot wax does not stick to it.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its distinctive warm orange color, translucent depth, and smooth waxy feel when polished or water-worn. Commonly found in river gravels and volcanic deposits in Brazil, India, Madagascar, and Uruguay.
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