gemstone

Carnelian

Silicon Dioxide (Chalcedony variety), SiO2

Hardness: 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale; Color: Orange, red, brownish-red, or yellowish-orange; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline quartz); Cleavage: None, exhibits conchoidal fracture; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange, red, brownish-red, or yellowish-orange
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified August 3, 2026More gemstone →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Forms by the deposition of silica from groundwater in cavities of rocks, typically in volcanic or sedimentary environments, often over millions of years.

Uses & applications

Widely used in jewelry such as rings, necklaces, and cabochons, as well as for decorative carvings, seals, and talismans since antiquity.

Geological facts

Carnelian has been prized since ancient times; it was used by the ancient Egyptians as a stone of courage and life, and was frequently placed in tombs to assist the dead in their journey to the afterlife.

Field identification & locations

Can be identified by its distinctive translucent orange-to-red color and waxy luster. Commonly sourced from India, Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar.

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