gemstone

Carnelian

Carnelian, orange-red variety of chalcedony (microcrystalline quartz, SiO₂)

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Mohs hardness 6.5–7; translucent orange to reddish-brown color, typically waxy to vitreous luster, cryptocrystalline quartz structure, and no visible cleavage. The smooth oval shape indicates a polished or tumbled specimen.

Identified September 19, 2026More gemstone →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Forms when silica-rich groundwater deposits chalcedony in cavities and fractures, with iron impurities producing the red-orange color; deposits range from Precambrian to younger volcanic and sedimentary settings.

Uses & applications

Used for cabochons, beads, carvings, seals, and ornamental objects; common polished pieces have modest value, while vivid, translucent material is more desirable.

Geological facts

Carnelian is traditionally associated with vitality and protection and was widely used in ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman jewelry and signet rings.

Field identification & locations

Identify it by its orange-red color, waxy luster, translucency, and lack of cleavage; common sources include India, Brazil, Uruguay, Madagascar, and Germany. Strongly dyed agate can resemble it, so examine color concentration and internal banding.