gemstone
Carnelian
SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide with Iron Oxide impurities)
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectMohs hardness of 6.5-7, waxy to vitreous luster, translucent to semi-transparent, reddish-orange to brownish-red color, trigonal microcrystalline structure, conchoidal fracture.
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Physical properties
Mohs hardness of 6.5-7, waxy to vitreous luster, translucent to semi-transparent, reddish-orange to brownish-red color, trigonal microcrystalline structure, conchoidal fracture.
Formation & geological history
Formed by low-temperature precipitation of silica-rich solutions in cavities of volcanic, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks. Color is caused by trace iron oxide impurities.
Uses & applications
Used in lapidary work, jewelry (beads, cabochons, carvings, seal rings), and as a popular collectible gemstone.
Geological facts
Carnelian has been used in jewelry making for over 4,500 years. Ancient Romans used it to craft signet rings for sealing wax because hot wax does not stick to carnelian.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its distinctive warm orange-red translucent body and smooth, waxy luster. Commonly found along stream beds, gravel deposits, and volcanic regions in Brazil, India, Madagascar, and the US (Oregon, Washington).
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