gemstone
Carnelian
Silicon Dioxide (Chalcedony variety), SiO2
Hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, orange to reddish-brown color, waxy to vitreous luster, cryptocrystalline crystal structure, conchoidal fracture with no cleavage, specific gravity of 2.58 to 2.64
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Physical properties
Hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, orange to reddish-brown color, waxy to vitreous luster, cryptocrystalline crystal structure, conchoidal fracture with no cleavage, specific gravity of 2.58 to 2.64
Formation & geological history
Formed in low-temperature environments through the deposition of silica from groundwater in cavities of rocks, often associated with volcanic or sedimentary environments.
Uses & applications
Widely used in jewelry, signet rings, beads, carvings, and as a gemstone for ornamental purposes throughout history.
Geological facts
Carnelian has been prized since ancient times, frequently used in ancient Rome for engraved seal rings and in ancient Egypt as a stone to accompany the dead into the afterlife.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its distinctive orange-to-reddish coloration, waxy luster, and translucent quality. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Siberia, and Germany.
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