gemstone
Carnelian
SiO2 (Variety of Chalcedony)
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectHardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, color ranges from orange to reddish-orange to brown, waxy to vitreous luster, trigonal crystal system with microcrystalline structure, conchoidal fracture with no cleavage, specific gravity of 2.58 to 2.64.
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Physical properties
Hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, color ranges from orange to reddish-orange to brown, waxy to vitreous luster, trigonal crystal system with microcrystalline structure, conchoidal fracture with no cleavage, specific gravity of 2.58 to 2.64.
Formation & geological history
Forms in silica-rich groundwater filling cavities in volcanic or sedimentary rocks, often precipitated from low-temperature aqueous solutions.
Uses & applications
Used widely in jewelry, beads, intaglios, and cameo carvings since ancient times.
Geological facts
Carnelian was highly prized in ancient Egypt, where it was often placed in tombs to assist the dead in their journey to the afterlife, and it was frequently used for signet rings in the Roman era.
Field identification & locations
Easily identified in the field by its distinct orange-to-red color, waxy luster, and conchoidal fracture. Commonly found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and the United States.
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