gemstone

Carnelian

Quartz (chalcedony variety), SiO2

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: reddish-orange, brownish-red, or deep orange; Luster: waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: none, conchoidal fracture

Hardness: 6
Color: reddish-orange, brownish-red, or deep orange
Luster: waxy to vitreous

Identified July 25, 2026More gemstone →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: reddish-orange, brownish-red, or deep orange; Luster: waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: none, conchoidal fracture

Formation & geological history

Forms in low-temperature hydrothermal environments and volcanic rock cavities through precipitation of silica-rich fluids. The distinct orange-red color is caused by iron oxide impurities.

Uses & applications

Popular as a gemstone for beads, cabochons, and carvings; used widely in lapidary arts, jewelry, and crystal healing collections.

Geological facts

Carnelian has been used for ornamentation for over 4,500 years. Ancient Egyptians called it 'the setting sun' and buried it with mummies for protection in the afterlife.

Field identification & locations

Identified by its warm translucent reddish-orange body color and smooth waxy finish when polished. Highly prized specimens originate from India, Madagascar, Brazil, and Uruguay.