gemstone
Carnelian
Quartz (chalcedony variety), SiO2
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectHardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: reddish-orange, brownish-red, or deep orange; Luster: waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: none, conchoidal fracture
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- reddish-orange, brownish-red, or deep orange
- Luster
- waxy to vitreous
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: reddish-orange, brownish-red, or deep orange; Luster: waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: none, conchoidal fracture
Formation & geological history
Forms in low-temperature hydrothermal environments and volcanic rock cavities through precipitation of silica-rich fluids. The distinct orange-red color is caused by iron oxide impurities.
Uses & applications
Popular as a gemstone for beads, cabochons, and carvings; used widely in lapidary arts, jewelry, and crystal healing collections.
Geological facts
Carnelian has been used for ornamentation for over 4,500 years. Ancient Egyptians called it 'the setting sun' and buried it with mummies for protection in the afterlife.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its warm translucent reddish-orange body color and smooth waxy finish when polished. Highly prized specimens originate from India, Madagascar, Brazil, and Uruguay.
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