gemstone

Carnelian

SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide - Chalcedony variant)

Hardness: 6.5 - 7 on the Mohs scale; Color: Orange, reddish-orange, brownish-red; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal system: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58 - 2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange, reddish-orange, brownish-red
Luster: Waxy to vitreous

Identified July 22, 2026More gemstone →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5 - 7 on the Mohs scale; Color: Orange, reddish-orange, brownish-red; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal system: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58 - 2.64

Formation & geological history

Forms at low temperatures through the deposition of silica-rich solutions within volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Its characteristic warm color comes from iron oxide (hematite) impurities.

Uses & applications

Popularly used in jewelry, beads, cabochons, carvings, seal rings, and crystal healing practices.

Geological facts

Carnelian has been used for over 4,500 years; ancient Egyptians called it 'the setting sun' and buried it with pharaohs to aid their journey into the afterlife. Ancient Romans used carnelian signet rings to seal wax documents because hot wax does not stick to it.

Field identification & locations

Identified by its translucent to semi-opaque orange-red hue, smooth waxy polish, and high hardness. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Madagascar, Uruguay, and parts of the United States.

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Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with Hematite inclusions

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Faceted Gemstone

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