gemstone
Diamond
Carbon (C)
Hardness: 10 on Mohs scale; Color: Colorless (transparent); Luster: Adamantine; Crystal System: Isometric/Cubic; Cleavage: Perfect octhedral; Specific Gravity: 3.52
- Hardness
- 10 on Mohs scale
- Color
- Colorless (transparent)
- Luster
- Adamantine
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Physical properties
Hardness: 10 on Mohs scale; Color: Colorless (transparent); Luster: Adamantine; Crystal System: Isometric/Cubic; Cleavage: Perfect octhedral; Specific Gravity: 3.52
Formation & geological history
Formed deep within the Earth's mantle (150-200 km deep) under high temperature and extreme pressure, typically over 1 to 3.5 billion years ago, and brought to the surface via deep-source volcanic eruptions (kimberlite and lamproite pipes).
Uses & applications
Used extensively in fine jewelry (engagement rings, necklaces), high-end collecting, and industrial applications such as diamond-tipped drill bits, cutting tools, and abrasives.
Geological facts
Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance known on Earth. It is composed of pure carbon atoms arranged in a rigid, three-dimensional tetrahedral lattice.
Field identification & locations
Identified by extreme hardness, adamantine brilliance, high dispersion ('fire'), and thermal conductivity. Cut gemstones can be tested using a thermal diamond tester or specific gravity and refractive index testing.
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