mineral

Malachite

Basic Copper Carbonate - Cu2(CO3)(OH)2

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Hardness: 3.5 - 4.0 on the Mohs scale; Color: vivid bright green to very dark green, characteristically banded with concentric rings or swirls; Luster: adamantine to silky or vitreous, dull when unpolished; Crystal system: monoclinic; Specific gravity: 3.6 - 4.0 (noticeably heavy for its size);…

Hardness: 3
Luster: adamantine to silky or vitreous, dull when unpolished

Identified October 3, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed as a secondary mineral in the oxidation zone of copper ore deposits, typically where carbonated waters interact with copper sulfide or where copper solutions interact with limestone.

Uses & applications

Used historically as a copper ore and a green artist pigment. Widely used as an ornamental carving stone, cabochon gemstone for jewelry, and collector's decorative display pieces (such as polished eggs, spheres, and bowls).

Geological facts

Historically powdered and used as eye cosmetic in ancient Egypt. Renowned for its presence in the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, where an entire room (the Malachite Room) is decorated with panels and columns veneered in it.

Field identification & locations

Recognized by its distinctive concentric green banding, high specific gravity, and reaction to warm dilute hydrochloric acid (effervescence). Prime localities include the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga), the Ural Mountains in Russia, Namibia, and Arizona, USA.