gemstone
Polished carnelian (likely)
Carnelian, orange-red chalcedony; microcrystalline quartz (SiO₂)
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectHardness 6.5–7 Mohs; translucent orange to reddish-brown color, waxy/glassy luster, cryptocrystalline quartz structure, and no visible cleavage. The rounded, glossy form indicates tumbling or polishing.
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Physical properties
Hardness 6.5–7 Mohs; translucent orange to reddish-brown color, waxy/glassy luster, cryptocrystalline quartz structure, and no visible cleavage. The rounded, glossy form indicates tumbling or polishing.
Formation & geological history
Forms when iron impurities color silica-rich chalcedony, commonly filling cavities and fractures in volcanic rocks; deposits are mostly Cenozoic to older, depending on locality.
Uses & applications
Used for beads, cabochons, carvings, ornaments, and small collectibles; generally affordable, with finer translucent saturated-red material more desirable.
Geological facts
Carnelian is a variety of chalcedony closely related to sard; heating can intensify its red-orange color, sometimes artificially.
Field identification & locations
Common in India, Brazil, Uruguay, Madagascar, Botswana, and Germany. Identify by its orange-red translucency, waxy polish, quartz hardness, and lack of cleavage; glass imitations may show bubbles.
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