gemstone
Polished carnelian
Chalcedony (microcrystalline quartz), SiO₂
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectMohs hardness 6.5–7; orange-red to reddish-brown, vitreous to waxy luster, cryptocrystalline structure, no cleavage, specific gravity about 2.6. The translucency and cloudy color bands are typical of carnelian.
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Physical properties
Mohs hardness 6.5–7; orange-red to reddish-brown, vitreous to waxy luster, cryptocrystalline structure, no cleavage, specific gravity about 2.6. The translucency and cloudy color bands are typical of carnelian.
Formation & geological history
Forms when silica-rich groundwater fills cavities and fractures, often in volcanic rocks; iron impurities produce the red-orange color. Deposits range from ancient to recent and occur worldwide.
Uses & applications
Used for cabochons, beads, carvings, seals, and inexpensive jewelry; polished pieces are popular decorative and collecting stones.
Geological facts
Carnelian is a red-orange variety of chalcedony; heating or dyeing can intensify its color. It was widely used for ancient signet rings and amulets.
Field identification & locations
Identify it by its smooth waxy polish, translucent orange-red body color, lack of visible quartz crystals, and hardness sufficient to scratch glass. Common sources include India, Brazil, Uruguay, Madagascar, and Germany.
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