gemstone

Polished carnelian

Carnelian, a translucent variety of chalcedony (microcrystalline quartz, SiO₂), colored mainly by iron oxides

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Mohs hardness 6.5–7; orange-red to reddish brown, waxy to vitreous luster, cryptocrystalline structure, no visible cleavage, specific gravity about 2.60–2.65. The rounded, glossy surface indicates a tumbled or polished specimen.

Identified August 28, 2026More gemstone →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Forms when silica-rich groundwater fills cavities and fractures in volcanic rocks, with iron producing its orange-red color; deposits range from Paleozoic to Cenozoic. Common sources include India, Brazil, Uruguay, Madagascar, and Germany.

Uses & applications

Used for beads, cabochons, carvings, seals, and ornamental objects; durable enough for jewelry but less valuable than fine transparent gemstones.

Geological facts

Carnelian is traditionally associated with vitality and has been used in ancient Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Islamic ornaments. Color may deepen through controlled heating or dyeing.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its warm orange-red color, translucency, smooth waxy appearance, and lack of cleavage; chalcedony commonly leaves a white streak. Check for bubbles or flow lines, which could indicate glass imitation.