Rock Identifier
Polished chalcedony (likely carnelian or brown agate) (Microcrystalline quartz, SiO₂; chalcedony variety with iron-oxide coloration) — mineral
mineral

Polished chalcedony (likely carnelian or brown agate)

Microcrystalline quartz, SiO₂; chalcedony variety with iron-oxide coloration

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Hardness 6.5–7 Mohs; translucent brown, honey, and reddish zones with a waxy to vitreous luster. Cryptocrystalline quartz lacks visible crystal faces and has no cleavage; specific gravity is about 2.6.

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Physical properties

Hardness 6.5–7 Mohs; translucent brown, honey, and reddish zones with a waxy to vitreous luster. Cryptocrystalline quartz lacks visible crystal faces and has no cleavage; specific gravity is about 2.6.

Formation & geological history

Forms when silica-rich groundwater fills cavities and fractures in volcanic rocks, precipitating in layers; iron oxides create the warm brown-red colors. Individual formation ages vary, commonly Mesozoic to Cenozoic.

Uses & applications

Used for cabochons, beads, carvings, and decorative objects; durable polished pieces are popular with collectors. Common material has modest commercial value.

Geological facts

The specimen appears tumbled or polished, with translucent chalcedony and possible agate-like banding or iron staining. Carnelian is the orange-red equivalent, while brown material is often marketed as brown agate or sard.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its waxy translucence, smooth conchoidal fracture, lack of cleavage, and quartz-like hardness; it should resist scratching by a steel knife. Common sources include Brazil, Uruguay, India, Madagascar, Mexico, and the western United States.