gemstone
Sapphire
Corundum (Al2O3)
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectMohs hardness 9; colors include blue, pink, yellow, and green; adamantine to vitreous luster; hexagonal crystal system.
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Physical properties
Mohs hardness 9; colors include blue, pink, yellow, and green; adamantine to vitreous luster; hexagonal crystal system.
Formation & geological history
Formed in aluminum-rich metamorphic or igneous rocks like pegmatites and basalts under high temperature and pressure.
Uses & applications
Extensively used in fine jewelry, watch crystals, and industrial abrasives or bearings.
Geological facts
Sapphire is the second hardest natural mineral on Earth, surpassed only by diamond.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its extreme hardness, high specific gravity, and distinct hexagonal crystal barrel shapes when rough.
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