gemstone
Sapphire
Corundum (Al2O3)
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectHardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, deep blue color, vitreous to adamantine luster, trigonal crystal system, specific gravity of 3.98-4.1.
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Physical properties
Hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, deep blue color, vitreous to adamantine luster, trigonal crystal system, specific gravity of 3.98-4.1.
Formation & geological history
Forms in aluminum-rich metamorphic and igneous rocks, particularly pegmatites and marbles, through high-temperature crystallization.
Uses & applications
Used in high-end jewelry, watch crystals, scientific instruments, and industrial cutting due to extreme hardness.
Geological facts
Sapphire is the second hardest natural mineral on Earth. Besides classic blue, it occurs in every color except red (which is called ruby).
Field identification & locations
Identified by extreme hardness, distinct hexagonal crystal barrel shape, and lack of cleavage. Commonly found in Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and Australia.
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