gemstone
Sapphire
Corundum (Al2O3)
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectMohs hardness of 9, varying shades of blue or multi-color, vitreous to adamantine luster, trigonal crystal system, lacks true cleavage and exhibits parting.
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Physical properties
Mohs hardness of 9, varying shades of blue or multi-color, vitreous to adamantine luster, trigonal crystal system, lacks true cleavage and exhibits parting.
Formation & geological history
Forms within igneous rocks like basalt and syenite, or metamorphosed marbles through high-temperature regional or contact metamorphism.
Uses & applications
Extensively used in fine jewelry, watch components, abrasive manufacturing, and precision optical windows.
Geological facts
Sapphire is the second hardest natural mineral on Earth, surpassed only by diamond. Fancy sapphires include every color except red, which is classified as ruby.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its extreme hardness, high specific gravity, and characteristic barrel-shaped crystal habit. Commonly sourced from Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Australia, and parts of the United States.
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