gemstone

Tumbled carnelian (probable)

Chalcedony, microcrystalline quartz (SiO₂), orange iron-oxide variety

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Smooth polished pebble with translucent orange-red color, waxy/glassy luster, and no visible cleavage; Mohs hardness 6.5–7, specific gravity about 2.6. Color is caused mainly by dispersed iron oxides/hydroxides.

Identified September 21, 2026More gemstone →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Forms when silica-rich groundwater fills cavities and fractures, commonly in volcanic rocks; iron impurities create the orange-red coloration. The pictured piece is human-tumbled and polished, so its exact geological age and source cannot be determined.

Uses & applications

Used for beads, cabochons, carvings, ornaments, and collecting; durable enough for jewelry but not typically high-value.

Geological facts

Carnelian is a variety of chalcedony; heating can intensify its red-orange color. Similar-looking dyed orange agate is also common commercially.

Field identification & locations

Likely carnelian based on its even orange translucency and waxy appearance. Confirm with a hardness test only if damage is acceptable: it should scratch glass, while a steel knife usually will not scratch it; inspect for dye concentration in cracks. It is not especially characteristic of the southern Ontario area, where glacially transported pebbles are more plausible.