gemstone

Turquoise beads

Turquoise, hydrated copper–aluminum phosphate: CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Typically sky-blue to blue-green with a waxy or subvitreous luster and dark matrix veining; Mohs hardness 5–6, cryptocrystalline, opaque, with no prominent cleavage. The pictured stones are polished and mounted in jewelry.

Identified August 21, 2026More gemstone →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Forms as a secondary mineral in arid, copper-rich environments when acidic groundwater alters aluminum- and phosphorus-bearing rocks. Deposits are generally geologically young relative to their host rocks, commonly Cenozoic to older hydrothermal systems.

Uses & applications

Used primarily for beads, cabochons, carvings, and ornamental jewelry; lower-grade material is stabilized or reconstituted for commercial use.

Geological facts

Its blue color comes mainly from copper, while iron can produce green tones. Famous sources include Iran, southwestern United States, China, Chile, and Egypt.

Field identification & locations

Identify it by its opaque blue-green color, relatively low hardness, light weight, and commonly spiderwebbed matrix; it should not scratch quartz. Common localities include Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Iran, and Xinjiang.