Mineral, Often A Rock Given Its Aggregate Nature

Jasper (brecciated or orbicular variety)

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) with iron oxide inclusions

White Topaz

Aluminum Silicate Fluoride Hydroxide, Al2SiO4(F,OH)2

Sandstone (Grooved/Weathered)

Arenite (composed primarily of Quartz and Lithic fragments)

Jasper

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with impurities

Sandstone (Quartz Sandstone)

Arenite (primarily SiO2)

Biotite Schist

Biotite Schist

Fuchsite

Fuchsite (a variety of Muscovite mica, K(Al,Cr)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2)

Pyrite (on Shale/Matrix)

Iron Disulfide (FeS2)

Quartz (Milky or Cloudy Quartz)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Yellow Jasper

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with Ferric Hydroxide impurities

Jasper

Jasper (Cryptocrystalline Quartz; SiO2)

Rhodonite

Rhodonite (Mn2+SiO3)

Dyed Blue Agate

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Agate (specifically, multi-colored or pastel-dyed agate)

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) - specifically, a cryptocrystalline variety of quartz known as Chalcedony, with banding classified as Agate. (If it were Fluorite, the chemical formula would be Calcium Fluoride - CaF2).

Granite

Granite (a common igneous rock)

Quartz Vein in Host Rock (Pebble)

Quartz (SiO2) with sandstone or siltstone matrix

Jasper (Chert)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Blue Howlite (Dyed)

Calcium Borosilicate Hydroxide (Ca2B5SiO9(OH)5)

Pebble

Clast (specifically a granule or small pebble)

Milky Quartz

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Jade (Nephrite or Jadeite)

Nephrite (Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2) or Jadeite (Na(Al,Fe3+)Si2O6)

Conglomerate (Puddingstone)

Conglomerate (specifically, clastic sedimentary rock)

Chert / River Jasper

Microcrystalline Quartz (SiO2)

Concretion or Geode (unbroken)

Varied (depending on mineral composition and cementing agent). For quartz-lined geodes, the scientific name of the dominant mineral would be Quartz (SiO2). For calcite-lined geodes, Calcite (CaCO3). Concretions are often composed of cryptocrystalline quartz (chert), calcite, or iron oxides.

Milky Quartz with Iron Inclusions

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Chipped Glass/Plastic Fragment

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) for glass (amorphous) or various polymer compounds for plastic

Exposed Aggregate Concrete (Pea Gravel)

Concrete with Siliceous Alluvial Gravels

Red Jasper (Polished)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with Hematite inclusions

Blue Lace Agate (Tumbled)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Milky Quartz

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Geode with Quartz and possibly Jasper/Hematite

Quartz (SiO2) and Chalcedony (cryptocrystalline SiO2), possibly stained by iron oxides

Jasper

Jasper (Silicified microcrystalline quartz) - SiO2

Chalcanthite (Likely Synthetic/Lab-Grown)

Hydrated copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O)

Jasper with Hematite inclusions

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with Iron Oxide (Fe2O3)

Greenstone or Chlorite Schist

Greenschist / Chlorite schist

Milky Quartz

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Dyed Agate

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Yellow Jasper

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Prehnite

Prehnite, Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2

Conglomerate

Conglomerate

Bituminous Coal

Organic Sedimentary Rock (Carbon-based)

Gold Nugget Jewelry

Native Gold (Au)