Mineral, Often A Rock Given Its Aggregate Nature

Sandstone

Arenite (SiO2 based typically)

Sandstone (Weathered Pebble)

Arenite (primarily SiO2)

Shale

Fissile mudrock (composed primarily of clay minerals and quartz)

Gray Agate

Cryptocrystalline Quartz (SiO2)

Sandstone

Quartz Arenite / Sedimentary Rock

White Topaz

Aluminum Silicate Fluoride Hydroxide, Al2SiO4(F,OH)2

Basalt (with Porphyritic/Vesicular texture)

Extrusive mafic igneous rock

Chert Breccia

Brecciated Chert (Microcrystalline SiO2)

Shale

Sedimentary pelitic rock

Shale

Lutaceous Sedimentary Rock

Jasper (Red Jasper)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO₂)

Weathered Sandstone

Quartz Arenite / Clastic Sedimentary Rock

Basalt (Porphyritic)

Basalt (Mafic Extrusive Igneous Rock)

Asphalt (Bituminous Concrete)

Composite material (bitumen binder with mineral aggregate)

Muscovite Mica

Muscovite (KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2)

Unknown Dark Stone

Unknown

Conglomerate

Conglomerate Rock (Paraconglomerate)

Basalt River Stone

Extrusive Igneous Rock

Chalcedony (Agate)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Chert (Tan/Brown variety)

Chert (Silicon Dioxide, SiO2)

Yellow Agate

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Chert

Microcrystalline quartz (SiO2)

Jasper

Microcrystalline Quartz (SiO2)

Sulfur

Native Sulfur (S8)

Scoria (Volcanic Rock)

Scoria (often basaltic scoria)

Gabbro

Phaneritic mafic intrusive igneous rock

Iron Ore / Ironstone Concretion

Mixture of iron oxide/hydroxide minerals, likely some combination of Hematite (Fe2O3), Goethite (α-FeOOH), and Limonite (a general term for hydrated iron oxides of variable composition) or potentially Bauxite (a mixture of aluminum hydroxides, often with iron oxides, (Al(OH)3) and FeO(OH)). The visual characteristics strongly suggest iron-rich material.

Rhodonite

Rhodonite (Mn2+SiO3)

Quartz (Milky or Yellow/Citrine Quartz)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Amazonite

KAlSi3O8 (Potassium Feldspar, variety of Microcline)

Mookaite Jasper

Siliceous sedimentary rock (variety of Jasper/Chert)

Limestone

Calcareous sedimentary rock (CaCO3)

Limonite (after Pyrite Pseudomorph)

Limonite (Hydrated Iron Oxide Mixture, FeO(OH)·nH2O)

Pyrite and Fluorite on Quartz (Matrix Specimen)

Iron Disulfide (FeS2) and Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) with Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Quartz / Calcite Pebble

SiO2 (Quartz) or CaCO3 (Calcite)

Mica Group Minerals

There isn't a single scientific name as 'Mica' refers to a group of phyllosilicate minerals. Common scientific names include Muscovite (KAl₂ (AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂), Biotite (K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂), Phlogopite (KMg₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂), and Lepidolite (K(Li,Al)₃(Al,Si,Rb)₄O₁₀(F,OH)₂).

Basalt (Porphyritic)

Porphyritic Basalt

Milky Quartz / Chalcedony

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Shale with Coprolite influence

Argillaceous sedimentary rock (Shale/Mudstone)

Jasper (Green Jasper/Heliotrope variety)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Picture Jasper

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with iron oxide and clay inclusions

Sandstone (with Iron Staining)

Clastic sedimentary rock (primarily SiO2 with Fe2O3)