Mineral (Man Made Glass, Not Natural)

Pearl

Aragonite / Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Diamond (in jewelry)

Carbon (C)

Diamond (in jewelry mount)

Carbon (C)

Aventurine (likely Green Aventurine)

Aventurine (a variety of quartz, SiO₂, with common inclusions of fuchsite)

Pumice

Pumice (Amorphous volcanic glass)

Ruby

Corundum (Aluminum Oxide with Chromium), Al2O3:Cr

Pumice

Pumice (a highly vesicular extrusive igneous rock)

Green Chalcedony (likely Chrysoprase or dyed Green Agate)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with nickel impurities or chromium/dye

Diamond

Native Carbon (C)

Magnetite (Lodestone variety)

Magnetite (Iron(II,III) oxide, Fe3O4)

Emerald

Beryl (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) with trace Chromium/Vanadium

White Topaz

Topaz - Al2SiO4(F,OH)2

Limonite (Iron Ore)

Limonite (Iron oxide-hydroxide mixture, FeO(OH)·nH2O)

Quartz (likely Jasper or Chert variety)

Quartz (SiO₂)

Granite

Phaneritic plutonic rock (SiO2 typically >69%)

Blue Quartzite (Dyed)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with inclusions

Cubic Zirconia

Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2)

Heat-Treated Amethyst (Commercial Citrine)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) - Macro-crystalline Quartz

Diamond (Uncut Crystal)

Carbon (C)

Amethyst

Quartz variety; chemical formula: SiO₂ (silicon dioxide) with Fe³⁺ impurities

Fluorite (Rainbow, Purple-Blue Tumbled)

Calcium Fluoride (CaF2)

Sandstone with Liesegang Rings

Arenite with Iron Oxide Liesegang Banding

Blue Sapphire

Corundum (Al2O3)

Red Sandstone

Arenite (with Iron Oxide)

Conglomerate

Conglomerate (clastic sedimentary rock)

Jasper in Quartz (River Cobble)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with Ferric Iron inclusions

Jade (likely Nephrite Jade based on appearance)

Nephrite (a variety of actinolite, Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2)

Smoky Quartz in Matrix

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) within Pegmatite/Gneiss

Sandstone (Quartz-rich)

Arenite (primarily SiO2)

Green Aventurine

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with Fuchsite inclusions

Turquoise

Hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminium [CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O]

Granite

Granite (Mainly Quartz, Feldspar, and Mica/Amphibole)

Chiastolite (Andalusite)

Al2SiO5

Shale with Vein Infillings

Shale (a fine-grained clastic sedimentary rock). The veins could be Calcite (CaCO3), Quartz (SiO2), or other minerals.

Citrine

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Sandstone

Sandstone (arenite is a more specific geological term for a clean sandstone, while wacke refers to a dirty sandstone with significant matrix)

Shale

Laminated Mudstone

Chert (specifically Flint or Common Chert node)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Granite

Granite (Silicic Plutonic Rock)

Smoky Quartz Cluster

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Sandstone (likely Ferruginous)

Arenite (SiO2 based with Fe2O3/FeO(OH) cement)

Oolitic Chert

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with oolitic texture