Marble

Brown Jasper (Likely)

Jasper (Cryptocrystalline Silicon Dioxide - SiO2)

Travertine (used in construction, not a 'specimen' in situ)

Travertine

Quartzite

Quartzite

Graphite

Graphite (C)

Calcite (commonly referred to as Orange Calcite or Honey Calcite given its color)

Calcite

Lapis Lazuli

Lapis Lazuli (a rock, not a single mineral; primary mineral is Lazurite (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(S,SO4,Cl)1-2

Lapis Lazuli

Lapis Lazuli (a rock composed primarily of Lazurite, Sodalite, Calcite, and Pyrite)

Serpentine

Serpentinite (rock), Serpentine group minerals (e.g., Antigorite, Lizardite, Chrysotile)

Banded Calcite (often sold as Onyx Marble)

Calcite (Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3)

Onyx Marble (also commonly called Onyx)

Calcite (CaCO3), often with other mineral impurities

Lapis Lazuli

A metamorphic rock primarily composed of lazurite (Na,Ca)8[(S,SO4,Cl)2|(Al6Si6O24)], calcite (CaCO3), and pyrite (FeS2).

Calcite

Calcite (CaCO3)

Ruby

Corundum (Al₂O₃) with Chromium (Cr)

Ironstone Concretion (Boji Stone/Moqui Marble type)

Goethite/Hematite-encrusted Sandstone Concretion

Corundum

Corundum (Al2O3)

Ceramic or Polished Stone Heart (Anthropogenic Material)

Glazed Ceramic (Silicon Dioxide based coating on Alumina Silicate body) or Polished Limestone/Marble (Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3)

Blue Quartzite

Quartzite (specifically a variety enriched with blue-coloring minerals)

Banded Calcite (often marketed as Mexican Onyx or Onyx Marble)

Calcite (Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3)

Sodalite in Matrix (often called Blue Marble or Sodalite-Syenite)

Sodalite-bearing Syenite / Na8Al6Si6O24Cl2 (Sodalite component)

Serpentinite

Serpentinite (a rock composed predominantly of serpentine group minerals)

Jade

Jade can refer to two distinct minerals: Nephrite (a variety of the mineral actinolite, Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2) and Jadeite (Na(Al,Fe3+)Si2O6). Based on the image, showing a relatively uniform green color and possibly slight translucence in bead form, it is very likely one of these, but determining which one from a photo is difficult without specific testing.

Calcite (or Alabaster, if truly carved)

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Sandstone (specifically an Iron-Concretion)

Arenite with Iron Oxide (Limonite/Goethite) cementation

Limonite Concretion (Ironstone)

Limonite (Hydrated Iron(III) Oxide-Hydroxide, FeO(OH)·nH2O)

Ironstone Concretion / Limonite Node

Limonite (Hydrated Iron Oxide, FeO(OH)·nH2O) with Goethite/Hematite

Sandstone Concretion

Sandstone (Sedimentary Rock) with silica or calcite cement

Sandstone Geode (Ironstone Concretion)

Arenite with Limonite/Hematite matrix (SiO2 with Fe-oxides)

Moqui Marbles

Iron Oxide Concretion (Hematite/Goethite)

Larimar and Fossil Coral

Pectolite (NaCa2Si3O8(OH)) and Hexagonaria/Petoskey Stone

Ironstone Concretion (Limonite/Goethite)

Goethite-rich Concretion (FeO(OH))

Slag Glass (Cullet)

Amorphous Silica (man-made), primarily SiO2 with trace metal oxides

Charoite

Charoite (Hydrated potassium sodium calcium barium strontium silicate hydroxyfluoride)

Concretion (Sandstone)

Sandstone Concretion

Ironstone Concretion / Limonite Node

Ferruginous Sedimentary Rock (composed primarily of Limonite FeO(OH)·nH2O and Goethite)

Larimar

Pectolite (NaCa2Si3O8(OH))

Sandstone (Ferruginous Concretion)

Ferruginous Sandstone Concretion / SiO2 with Fe2O3 cement

Ironstone Concretions (Ironstone)

Ferruginous Sandstone or Siltstone (Fe2O3)

Ironstone Concretion (Limonite/Hematite Nodules)

Ironstone (principally Limonite FeO(OH)·nH2O or Hematite Fe2O3 mixed with silica/clay)

Larimar

Blue Pectolite (NaCa2Si3O8(OH))

Limonite Concretion (Ironstone)

Limonite / Goethite (FeO(OH)·nH2O)

Red Swirl Beads (Likely Resin or Glass, simulating Red Jasper or Agate)

N/A (for the beads as pictured); Red Jasper: SiO2 (Chert variety); Red Agate: SiO2 (Chalcedony variety)

Sandstone Concretion

Clastic Sedimentary Concretion (primarily SiO2 with Fe2O3 cement)