Man Made Mineral Simulant (Glass)

Hematite / Goethite (Iron Ore)

Iron Oxide (Fe2O3 / FeO(OH))

Green Glass Slag

Amorphous Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with metal oxide impurities

Goldstone (likely blue-free synthetic goldstone pendant)

Synthetic aventurine glass; silica glass with dispersed metallic copper crystals

Small metallic-looking mineral/rock fragment

Indeterminate from image; possibly galena, hematite, or metallic slag

Blue Slag Glass

Amorphous Silica (Industrial byproduct)

Colorless faceted gemstone, likely cubic zirconia

Cubic zirconia (zirconium dioxide, ZrO₂); visual confirmation is unavailable

Asphalt Pavement (with aggregate)

Asphalt concrete

Pearl and Garnet Glass

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) for pearl; Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) for glass

Dyed howlite or turquoise imitation

Howlite: Ca₂B₅SiO₉(OH)₅; turquoise: CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O

Yellow Sapphire (Raw)

Corundum (Al2O3)

Obsidian

Volcanic Glass (SiO2)

Red Jasper

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with Hematite (Fe2O3)

Green glassy slag (often sold as “sea glass” or “green obsidian”)

Industrial vitreous slag; primarily amorphous silicate glass, composition variable

Blue glassy mineral fragment, possibly sodalite or dyed/cobalt glass

Uncertain; likely sodalite (Na₈Al₆Si₆O₂₄Cl₂) if natural, but vivid blue color may indicate cobalt-colored glass

Amethyst crystal fragment

Quartz, silicon dioxide (SiO₂), purple variety colored mainly by iron and irradiation

Goldstone (blue-goldstone–style glass) beads

Artificial aventurine glass, typically silica glass with copper inclusions; not a natural mineral

Pearl

Biogenic CaCO3 (Aragonite and Calcite)

Diamond (in a jewelry setting)

Diamond (Carbon, C)

Diamond (or Diamond Simulant/Cubic Zirconia)

Carbon (C) - if diamond, or Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) - if Cubic Zirconia

Precious Coral (Red Coral)

Corallium rubrum (Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3)

Synthetic Resin (Artificial Specimen)

Polyurethane or Polyester Resin

Tanzanite earrings

Tanzanite, blue-violet zoisite (Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH))

Polished/tumbled brown-and-white mineral fragment

Indeterminate; possibly quartz-rich jasper, brecciated jasper, or an iron-stained quartz mineral

Rounded quartz pebble

Quartz (silicon dioxide, SiO₂)

Polished smoky quartz crystal point

Quartz (SiO₂), likely iron-colored or smoky quartz with milky inclusions

Yellow faceted gemstone, likely citrine or synthetic glass

Citrine (quartz, SiO₂) is the leading natural possibility; visual identification is uncertain from the photograph

Cubic Zirconia (Simulated Diamond)

Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO2)

Corundum (Sapphire variant)

Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)

Cullet Glass (Strawberry Glass)

Amorphous Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with metallic dopants

Blue opalite (often sold as synthetic opal)

Opalite glass; amorphous hydrated silica if natural opal (SiO₂·nH₂O)

Rough Corundum (Sapphire/Ruby mixture)

Corundum (Aluminum Oxide, Al2O3)

Dark quartz point (possibly smoky quartz)

Quartz, SiO₂; the dark color may indicate smoky quartz, but the image is insufficient to confirm

Black-and-white agate geode pendant

Agate (microcrystalline quartz, SiO₂), likely a hollow geode slice with chalcedony and drusy quartz

Sandstone

Arenite (composed primarily of SiO2)

Blue Slag Glass

Ferro-silicate glass (Slag)

Chert

Silicon dioxide (SiO2)

Snowflake Obsidian

Volcanic glass with Cristobalite inclusions (70–75% SiO2)

Aura Quartz / Rainbow Aura Quartz

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with metallic vapor coating

Chert / Flint

Microcrystalline Quartz (SiO2)

Quartz Pebble (Beach Chalcedony)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Pink Granite

Phaneritic Felsic Igneous Rock (composed of orthoclase, quartz, and plagioclase)

Tektite

Natural impact glass