Anthropogenic (Man Made Material Mimicking Sedimentary Rock)

Quartz (likely)

Quartz (SiO2 - Silicon Dioxide)

Chert (specifically White Chert or Flint)

Microcrystalline or Cryptocrystalline Quartz (SiO2)

Quartz

Quartz (SiO₂ - Silicon Dioxide)

Orange Calcite

Calcite (Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3)

Turquoise (beads)

Turquoise; CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O

Sodalite (blue beads) and Clear Quartz (clear beads)

Sodalite: Na4Al3Si3O12Cl; Quartz: SiO2

Chert

Microcrystalline silica (SiO2)

Green Aventurine and Clear Quartz

Green Aventurine (Silicon Dioxide - SiO2 with Fuchsite inclusions); Clear Quartz (Silicon Dioxide - SiO2)

Limestone

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

Limestone

Sedimentary Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Banded Gneiss

Gneiss (pronounced 'nice')

Cobalt Glass Slug (Man-made Glass)

Amorphous Silica with Cobalt Oxide (SiO2 + CoO)

Blue-dyed Quartz Druzy

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with artificial pigment

Quartz (River Pebble)

Quartz (SiO₂ - Silicon Dioxide)

Chert (Pebble)

Microcrystalline silica (SiO2)

Chert Pebble

Microcrystalline Quartz (SiO2)

Limestone

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Pyrite (Fool's Gold) Cube

Iron Sulfide (FeS2)

Chert (Flint)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Chert / Flint

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Muscovite Mica

Muscovite (KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2)

Pyrite

Iron Sulfide (FeS2)

Chert (Chalcedony/Agate)

Microcrystalline Quartz (SiO2)

Iron Slag

Ferrous Slag (Silicate/Oxide mixture)

Banded Chert

Microcrystalline Quartz (SiO2)

Yellow Jade (often Serpentine or Dolomite)

Primarily Serpentine (Mg3Si2O5(OH)4) or Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), though the term 'yellow jade' is also sometimes applied to varieties of true nephrite or jadeite.

Diamond

Carbon (C)

Chert (with Limestone matrix)

Silicon dioxide (SiO2)

Chert (Flint variety)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Agate (Nodule/Chert)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Coquina

Coquina (Bioclastic Limestone)

Fossilized Shell in Limestone

Biogenic Limestone (Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3)

Chert (Jasper variation)

Microcrystalline Quartz (SiO2)

Agatized Fossil or Chalcedony Nodule

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) - Cryptocrystalline Quartz

Sandstone

Arenite

Fossiliferous Limestone

Biogenic Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Fossilized Coral (Petoskey-style)

Hexagonaria percarinata (Fossilized Rugose Coral)

Sandstone (Ferruginous)

Arenite (with Goethite/Limonite cement)

Chert

Microcrystalline Quartz (SiO2)

Mica Group Minerals

There isn't a single scientific name as 'Mica' refers to a group of phyllosilicate minerals. Common scientific names include Muscovite (KAl₂ (AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂), Biotite (K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂), Phlogopite (KMg₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂), and Lepidolite (K(Li,Al)₃(Al,Si,Rb)₄O₁₀(F,OH)₂).

Limestone

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Red Jasper

Microcrystalline Quartz (SiO2) with Hematite impurities