Mineral Composite

Quartz (specifically Quartzite or Massive Quartz)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Quartz Pebble

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Quartz (Iron-stained)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Blue Apatite

Fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F)

Quartz with Limonite Staining

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with Hydrated Iron Oxide (FeO(OH)·nH2O)

Quartz (Milky or Smoky Quartz)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Quartz Pebble (Sea Glass-like Quartz)

Quartz (Silicon Dioxide - SiO2)

Sand Grain (Silica/Quartz Grain)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Pearl

Biogenic CaCO3 (Aragonite and Calcite)

Sandstone (Iron-stained)

Arenite (composed primarily of SiO2 with Fe2O3 staining)

Lapis Lazuli

Complex mixture of minerals (lazurite, calcite, pyrite, and sodalite); (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(S,Cl,SO4,OH)2

Pyrite

Iron Sulfide (FeS2)

Lepidolite

Lepidolite (K(Li,Al)3(Al,Si,Rb)4O10(F,OH)2)

Sandstone

Arenite (primarily SiO2)

Jasper containing epidote (Unakite-like)

Epidotized Jasper (SiO2 with Ca2(Al,Fe)3(SiO4)3(OH))

Garden Quartz (Phantom Quartz)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with various inclusions (often Chlorite, Hematite, or Iron)

Red Sandstone

Arenite (with Iron Oxide / Hematite staining)

Lepidolite

K(Li,Al)3(Al,Si)4O10(F,OH)2 (Lithium-bearing phyllosilicate)

Sandstone (Ferruginous)

Arenite with Iron-Oxide Cement (primarily SiO2 with Fe2O3/FeOOH)

Basalt with Quartz/Zeolite Inclusions

Porphyritic Basalt (SiO2 with Aluminosilicates)

Turquoise

CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O (Hydrated copper and aluminum phosphate)

Malachite

Copper Carbonate Hydroxide [Cu2CO3(OH)2]

Red Sandstone

Arenite (with Iron Oxide pigmentation)

Chatoyant Quartz (Cat's Eye Quartz)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with fibrous inclusions of Amphibole or Rutile

Satin Spar Gypsum

Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O)

Sandstone Concretion

Sedimentary concretion

Hematite (beads)

Hematite (Fe₂O₃)

Veined Pebble (likely a Quartz-Veined Pebble)

Pebble with Mineral Vein (e.g., Quartz Vein in a Chert/Mudstone Pebble)

Greenschist

Chlorite schist

Petrified Wood

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) - Calcified / Silicified Wood

Sandstone

Arenite (primarily SiO2)

Beryllonite

Beryllonite (NaBePO4)

Sandstone

Arenite (SiO2 based with primary clasts 0.0625 to 2 mm)

Amygdaloidal Basalt

Amygdaloidal Basalt (Mafic Volcanic Rock)

Rhodochrosite

Manganese carbonate (MnCO3)

Granite

Granite (a felsic intrusive igneous rock composed primarily of quartz, feldspar, and mica)

Diorite

Diorite (an intrusive igneous rock)

Green Jasper

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with mineral inclusions

Phantom Quartz (Chlorite Inclusion)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with Chlorite (Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8

Crinoid Stem Columns (Fossil)

Crinoidea (Class); often composed of the mineral Calcite (CaCO3)

Sandstone (with potentially metamorphic or basaltic bands)

Arenite / Lithic Wacke

Concretion or Geode (unbroken)

Varied (depending on mineral composition and cementing agent). For quartz-lined geodes, the scientific name of the dominant mineral would be Quartz (SiO2). For calcite-lined geodes, Calcite (CaCO3). Concretions are often composed of cryptocrystalline quartz (chert), calcite, or iron oxides.