Mineral Simulant (Synthetic Glass)

Painted River Rock

Polished fluvial clast with acrylic/synthetic pigment coating

Cultured Marble (Synthetic)

Polymer-matrix composite (typically calcium carbonate in polyester resin)

Opal ring (likely precious opal)

Hydrated amorphous silica, SiO₂·nH₂O; the pictured stone may be natural opal or a lab-created/imitation opal

Opal gemstone pendant

Opal (hydrated amorphous silica, SiO₂·nH₂O)

Iridescent coated quartz (likely synthetic/display gemstone)

Quartz, silicon dioxide (SiO₂), likely faceted and surface-coated; exact material cannot be confirmed visually

Ruby (varietal of Corundum)

Corundum (Al2O3:Cr)

Coal (Bituminous or Anthracite)

Carbonaceous Sedimentary Rock

Diamond

Diamond (C - Pure Carbon)

Diamond

C (Native Carbon)

Sodium Polyacrylate (Superabsorbent Polymer)

Sodium Polyacrylate [-CH2-CH(COONa)-]n

Ruby ring (likely synthetic ruby)

Corundum, Al₂O₃; red color from chromium. The image alone cannot establish whether the stone is natural or lab-grown.

Smoky Quartz

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Polished green-and-black banded cabochon (likely malachite imitation or dyed agate)

Uncertain; possible malachite (Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂), banded agate (SiO₂), or man-made glass

Quartzite (Engineered Stone)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) based synthetic composite

Blue faceted gemstones, likely blue sapphire

Corundum (Al₂O₃), blue varieties colored chiefly by iron and titanium

Faceted amethyst

Amethyst, purple variety of quartz (SiO₂)

Diamond

Native Carbon (C)

Ruby (cushion-cut red gemstone)

Corundum, Al₂O₃; red color is typically caused by chromium

Blue sapphire

Corundum (Al₂O₃), blue variety colored mainly by iron and titanium

White cabochon gemstone, likely agate or chalcedony

Cryptocrystalline quartz (SiO₂), probably chalcedony/agate; exact identification is uncertain from the overexposed image

Faceted gemstone ring, likely smoky quartz or garnet in a metal setting

Not determinable from the photograph; possible quartz (SiO₂) or garnet-group silicate

Lapis Lazuli

Lapis lazuli (Rock composed primarily of Lazurite (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(S,Cl,SO4,OH)2, Calcite, and Pyrite)

Red corundum gemstone (likely synthetic ruby)

Ruby: corundum, aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), chromium-colored; likely lab-grown material

Jade (Nephrite or Jadeite)

Nephrite: Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2 (amphibole mineral); Jadeite: NaAlSi2O6 (pyroxene mineral)

Orange cabochon gemstone, likely amber or amber-like resin

Natural amber: fossilized plant resin (organic mineraloid), commonly succinite; exact identification requires testing

Red garnet (likely almandine or pyrope)

Garnet-group silicate; almandine Fe₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃ or pyrope Mg₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃

Rough Emerald (Beryl)

Emerald (Be3Al2(SiO3)6 with Cr/V impurities)

Blue Topaz (specifically London Blue or Swiss Blue based on color saturation)

Al2SiO4(F,OH)2 (Aluminum Silicate Fluoride Hydroxide)

Blue glassy cabochon, likely blue quartz or synthetic glass

Possibly dyed blue chalcedony/quartz (SiO₂); visual identification is inconclusive

Pearl-embellished decorative cross

Pearl (biogenic calcium carbonate, predominantly aragonite) with rhinestone-mounted glass or synthetic gemstones

Chalcanthite (Likely Synthetic/Lab-Grown)

Hydrated copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O)

Synthetic Zinc/Polycarbonate Composite (Bey-specimen)

Zinc Alloy (Zamak 3) with Polycarbonate (C15H16O2)n Overlay

Dyed Purple Agate Sliced Tablet

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), variety Chalcedony

Lapis Lazuli

Lapis Lazuli (Rock composed chiefly of lazurite, calcite, and pyrite)

Cut red gemstone in a gold ring

Likely ruby (corundum, Al₂O₃), though red spinel or garnet is also possible from the image

Lapis Lazuli

Lapis Lazuli (a rock composed primarily of Lazurite, Sodalite, Calcite, and Pyrite)

Faceted yellow gemstone ring

Likely yellow sapphire (corundum), but exact identification requires testing; alternatives include citrine, chrysoberyl, or treated diamond.

Coal (Anthracite/Bituminous)

Carbo fossilium (primarily Carbon)

Ruby

Corundum (Al2O3)

Diamond (mounted in an ornate ring)

Diamond, crystalline carbon (C)

Diamond ring

Diamond, crystalline carbon (C), likely colorless or near-colorless brilliant-cut stones set in gold

Emerald

Beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18), specifically the green variety colored by chromium or vanadium